Quality Assurance and Mr. Khan free essay sample

Introduction This paper is prepared based on a case study of garments industry. Mr. Khan started a garments industry. After running for 5 years, he reached at the breakeven point that is no profit and no loss. At the same time, he faced some problems regarding the sustainability of the garments. Here we tried to identify the problems that faced by Mr. Khan based on the on going garment sectors’ condition of Bangladesh. According to us, he did not face any budget problem but he faced performance problem and time problem. After identifying the problems, we tried to give some recommendations regarding the sustainability of his garments industry which are discussed here. 18 Flowchart of problems: 18 Problems identification: 18 The problems we have identified so far, are of mainly three types. The problems are as follows: 1. Performance problems: 1. 1 Poor communication Mr. Khan has poor communication with employees, customers(foreign local) and suppliers appears for several reasons lack of skills or lack of understanding of the importance of strong communication, employees dont get information in a timely manner, employees are given too much information that isnt relevant etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Quality Assurance and Mr. Khan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1. 2 Poor infrastructural design Now a days, the most garments has poor transportation and communication system and building structure, entrance and exit system is bad in case of fire and other accident. 1. Low product quality Sewing defects, Color defects, Sizing defects and Garment defects are quality related problems faced by Mr. Khan which make the product quality low. It creates very bad impression and results in loss of business and reputation. 1. 4 Lack of management policy Today’s garments sector has huge problem with management like- lack of proper instruction, , lack of proper training, workers dissatisfaction with their facilities and payment. 1. 5 Lack of research Although a garment is a thrust sector, lack of proper research and development work remains a major inadequacy for long. The garments do not research about product, buyers and their competitors. 1. 6 Export import barriers 18 Garments are facing export and import barriers. In exporting, garments facing high duty and cota problems. In importing, garments are facing port and customs problems. 1. 7 Limited Export Market Mr. Khan is highly concentrated in two major markets- EU and USA. concentration in a few markets is risky. 1. 8 Excessive labor union Labor union raises their voice for wage increases, set working hours, bonus, on time payment and safety conditions. and productivity. 1. 9 Low productivity of workers The labor productivity of Mr. Khan is much lower. The majority of the workers come from slum dwellers with little or no education. This is one of the reasons of low productivity. Lack of training, motivation and low labor cost are also responsible for lower productivity. 1. 10 Failed to apply TQM (Total quality management) Mr. khan has failed to apply TQM (total Quality Management) in his production process. 1. 11 Lack of high technology Lack of standard machinery results in poor quality and defected garment products. In most of the factories there is theft cases of parts of machines and these are replaced with low quality parts to keep the machine operational. . 12 Limited knowledge in international marketing information Mr. Khan has limited access to current market intelligence and international trade information. Foreign buying houses have been dominating the marketing part of the business. But if these buying houses shift their bases to other countries, Bangladeshi exporters may face serious problems in findi ng their ultimate buyers. For that reason they strike which reflects on profit Limited exported in Germany, UK, France, Netherland, Italy and Canada. The high 18 1. 3 Inefficiency in port management The Chittagong Port is the most important entry and exit point for trade and commerce of the country. It is one of the most inefficient and corrupt ports which seriously hamper the competitiveness of Bangladeshi garment in the world market. The corruptions are- Frequent work stoppage by different service providers, transport workers, Excessive dock labor unionism, Politicization of Collective Bargaining Agents, Direct involvement of powerful local politicians, elite and musclemen, illegal gratification practices. 1. 14 High competition Mr. Khan is facing high competition for other local garments industries and efficient producers like Hong Kong, China, India, Thailand, and Sri Lanka, Vietnam and Caribbean countries. 2. Time problems: 2. 1 Global Recession The garment exporters are suffering badly due to the ongoing global economic crisis. For the worldwide recession, Mr. Khan is realizing low unit value from the overseas market and paying higher unit value for importing raw materials. 2. 2 Lack of resource when needed Resource like electricity, gas and water are not adequate. The raw materials are not also available in our country. Mr. Khan depended on others countries for outsourcing of raw materials which charged higher prices and increased the production cost. 2. 3 Lead time The buyers want the product within a limited time with a best possible price that Mr. khan could not meet up. 3. Money Problems: 18 3. 1 Fluctuation of international prices International price fluctuate heavily. As a result, cost of raw materials increases which ultimately increase the total price. 3. 2 High corporate tax rate In garments industry has to pay high tax on their production as well as VAT. 1. Performance problems: 18 Performance problems and solutions Effective Communication Wonderful nfrastructural design Poor infrastructural design Poor communication Low product quality Improving product quality Effective management policies Lack of management policy Conduct more research Lack of research Effective export import system Export import barriers Limited Export Market Markets exploration Mutual understanding Labor union Low product ivity of workers Increasing productivity of workers Effective use of TQM F ile toa p T M a d p ly Q (T ta q a mn g mn o l u lity a a e e t) Lack of high technology Limited knowledge in international marketing information Use of high technology Buying agent Ensuring efficient management of ports Inefficiency in port management Increasing Competitiveness High competition Recommendation of performance problem: 18 For the performance problems showing above, we are giving the following suggestions: 1. 1 Effective Communication Clearly communication appears to be the key to project success. Effective communication skills can create a more positive outcome. Stay focused on the present employee’s feelings, understanding one another bring solution to communication problem. Effective communication goes both ways- thinking and listening. At first Mr. Khan has to listen what employees and suppliers are saying, customers or buyers want. Don’t interrupt and get defensive. Just hear them and reflect back what they’re saying so they know they are heard. Then Mr. Khan will understand them better and they’ll be more willing to listen to him. Foreign Buyer Local raw material Suppliers Manufacturer (Mr. Khan) Figure of Business Structure Foreign raw material Suppliers Try to see from the view point of employees, customer sand suppliers. Communicate directly with customer and suppliers. Mr. Khan Director Director Line Agent Line Agent Line Agent Line Agent Line Agent Line Agent Figure of Team Communication 18 As messages are passed up or down through the layers of the organization, they pass through a number of different people who can add, take from, qualify or totally twist the original message. Mr. Khan has to begin communication with the directors who receive instruction directly from him. They are then asked to share this information with their group of front line agents. One way to make sure the directives or communication that directors pass down actually get to the front-lines the way he intended is to randomly conduct â€Å"round table† discussions. Pull 3-5 front line agents in for a discussion that is very informal and ask specific questions to get a feel for the messages Mr. Khan has passed down and to make sure the director is doing their job. To overcome fear Mr. Khan must work to develop trust among the employees. Trust develops when Mr. Khan will do what he says he is going to do and by doing his part to help the team succeed. Mr. Khan has to build trust and not violate the confidentiality of the employees who are openly and honestly sharing. Again, the key to honest feedback is to create a trustworthy relationship that employees believe will not come back to hurt them later. . 2 Wonderful infrastructural design To remove this problem Mr. Khan should establish in such type of area where transportation system is well. Mr. Khan’s garment should have large entrance and exit way and alternative way to exit in any kind accidents. For fire accident Mr. Khan’s garment should have enough fire distinguisher. If the garment has large entrance and exit and enough fire distinguisher then every employee will feel safe and will do their job with full attention. Governments can also impose some rule regulation on garments building stricter. 1. Improving product quality Before entering into international market, garment exporters have to carefully frame out the quality standards. There are a number of factors on which quality fitness of garment industry is based on such as performance, reliability, durability, visual and perceived quality of the garment. 18 The broad quality parameters (ISO 9000 series) have to follow for maintaining the export quality. Quality has to be taken care by Mr. Khan, because excuses are not entertained in international market for negligence for low quality garment products. So, Mr. Khan has to produce high quality product, use latest design and technological know- how. Apart from superior quality of the garment, its pricing, packaging, delivery, etc has to be also taken care of. Quality needs to be defined in terms of a particular frame work of cost. So, Mr. Khan needs to follow focus strategy. It means Mr. Khan has to focus on cost and quality at a time. Mr. Khan should know to negotiate a premium price after quality assurance is done. The garment shown in the catalogue should match with the final garment delivered and the garment quality should match the samples shown during taking the orders. It is important to perform according to the promises given to the buyer. Because in international market, quality reassurance is required at every point. Proper documentation and high standard labels on the garment are also important aspects as these things also create good impression. Quality is ultimately a question of customer satisfaction. Good Quality increases the value of a product or service, establishes brand name, and builds up good reputation, which in turn results into consumer satisfaction, high sales and foreign exchange. The perceived quality of a garment is the result of a number of aspects, hich together help achieve the desired level of satisfaction for the local customers and foreign buyers. Therefore quality control in terms of garment, pre-sales service, posts -sales service, delivery, pricing, etc are essentials. 1. 4 Effective management policies 18 For overcome this type of problem Mr. Khan should hire higher educated persons by providing high salary. Because they have the ability to give proper instruction to their workers like- what the buyers want, what quality of work he expect, how the work should do etc. Secondly, the workers are uneducated. For that they can not adopt with the new technology. For such kind of problem Mr. Khan needed educated workers so that they can easily adopt with new technology. On the other hand it is easy to provide higher training to the educated workers. Mr. Khan should setting a minimum wages and salary level and pays the salary and wages on time. And workers should give large space so that they can move easily. It will make the employee more motivated to their work and more devoted to the management policies. 1. 5 Conduct more research Research is needed for every company to sustain in the market. Mr. han should conduct more research also because of changing of time and demand of customers and buyers. The Mr. khan can hire research people to forecast the demand and quality of product. To forecast the buyers demand the research people can talk with the customers and buyers what kind of product and which quality of product they want. The Mr. khan should research about his competitors and their s trategy also. It can possible by observing the competitors very carefully. 1. 6 Effective export import system The governments increase the facility for exporting garments product with a low export duty and should give high dock facility. For cota system government should negotiate with that countries imposes cota on our garments product and can do an exchange deed with those countries. As the garments industry has a big contribution in our economy and we earn a huge amount of foreign currency so government should give extra emphasize on garments raw material by reducing customs formalities. 1. 7 Markets exploration 18 Efforts should be made to develop new markets, at least in large Asian countries such as Japan, China and India. This may help Mr. Khan to sustain his garments growth in the increasingly competitive global market. 1. 8 Mutual understanding Mutual understandings remove the labor union problem. While taking a break from the discussion is sometimes a good idea, always come back to it. If come up to the situation with a constructive attitude, mutual respect, and a willingness to see the other’s point of view or at least find a solution, then Mr. Khan will be able to make progress toward the goal of a resolution to the conflict. Instead of trying to ‘win’ the argument, look for solutions that meet everybody’s needs. Either through compromise or a new solution that gives both what they want most, this focus is much more effective than one person getting what they want at the other’s expense. 1. 9 Increasing productivity of workers Operations are more efficient when employees perform just one task or only certain aspects of a task in order for that job to be conducted at its highest level. Continuous efforts should be exerted to reduce the cost of doing business by increasing productivity. To enhance the productivity of labor, intensive training, worker satisfaction and proper motivation is essential. So, Mr. Khan has to provide on the job training for increase skill of production. He also has to meet the workers demand to satisfy them. Then the worker should be self motivated. Better working conditions with reasonable pay may improve the situation to attract mid to upper-mid level well-educated citizens of the society, which may help improve the productivity of labor significantly. 1. 10 Effective use of TQM Total Quality Management is a management concept . The basis of TQM is to reduce the errors produced during the manufacturing or service process, increase customer satisfaction, streamline supply chain management, aim for modernization of 8 equipment and ensure workers have the highest level of training. Mr. khan should use TQM not only achieve the objectives set out in its policy and strategy, but also, and equally importantly, sustain and build quality. Mr. khan should use TQM focuses on encouraging a continuous flow of incremental improvements from the bottom of the organizations hierarchy. It will make production smooth, increase production quality as well as management quality. 1. 11 Use of high technology Mr. Khan has to provide flawless machineries to achieve better output. Mr. Khan instead of going harsh against the workers must try to find out the real causes of low quality products and time wastage factors if they really want to bring qualitative changes in their products. 1. 12. Buying agent Mr. Khan should use a buying agent who can do all sort of job on behalf of the company and this will be very much handy, once company has enough experience doing foreign trade then it can do all the procedures itself. 1. 13 Ensuring efficient management of ports †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Operate the port for 24 hours a day Stop all toll collections that takes place at the entry and as well as within the port. Encourage the establishment of more off dock container freight stations (cfs) (both for exported and imported containers) Permit private sector to take over some of the functions of handling containers. This will reduce the space pressure on the port and minimize delays in handling raw materials. †¢ Simplify the administration of vessels entering the port and reduce the number of forms to be completed from 40 (now) to 7 (as in most ports). 18 †¢ Activate the proposed Asian Development Bank loan project and modernize Chittagong Port. The approach of the loan is to allow privatization of some port operations †¢ †¢ †¢ Revise the antiquated Shipping Act, procure more equipment, and construct the proposed new container port Banning all kinds of strikes within it Special export processing zones have been set up to ensure smooth functioning of factories for export processing. 1. 14 Increasing Competitiveness For increasing competitiveness Mr. Khan has to keep the cost of production lower than that of competitors, bring continuous innovation in technology, offering high quality product at reasonable and take different promotional activates . Time problems Time problems and solutions Global Recession Overcoming global recession Make Resource available Lack of resource when needed Lead time Manage lead time soundly 18 Recommendation of time problem: For the time problems showing above, we are giving the following suggestions: 2. 1 Overcoming global recession The BGMEA must look into it thoroughly and start thinking from now on without wasting time regarding how to tackle the situation and keep our products export on track which accounts for our foreign exchange. 2. 2 Make Resource vailable In garments factory electricity, gas and water are the most important. For this, Mr. Khan should make own bio-gas plant and own electricity plant for their garments and also can use big jars for sustain water. Government should also adequately distribute these. Mr. khan should store sufficient amount of raw material in warehouse to make the supply of raw material smooth and easy when needed. Mr. khan should also find out alternative way to sourcing raw material to buy raw 18 material in low cost when others price is high. Company should keep in mind the following factors to select a supplier whether to home or abroad: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Purchase price Technological capacity Distribution costs Reliability regarding just-in-time deliveries Service by the raw materials producer Quick response 2. 3 Manage lead time soundly Lead time is one of the main competitive factors among companies. The ability to deliver quickly influences export, sales and thereby revenue. It normally includes all activities from start to end. Lead time begins with the first receipt of a customer order and ends with customer receipt of the product or service. Mr. han should always make available raw material, use high technology, skillful workers and management team to finish the total process properly and meet the lead time. Customer lead time = [{Information lead time} + {Order lead time}] Total lead time = [{Information lead time} + {(manufacturing lead time) + (shipping time for import fabrics) + (S hipping time for export final product)} Mr. khan should reduce time in the following processes: 18 The proposed structure is: 3. Money problems Money problems and solutions Fluctuation of international prices Adopt with international prices High corporate tax rate Negotiation for reduce tax rate 8 Recommendation of money problem: For the money problems showing above, we are giving the following suggestions: 3. 1 Adopt with international prices When product price will fall in international market, then he should produce fewer products and minimize the import. If in this moment he produces more products and maximizes import, then for fluctuation in international market his product price will be fall. For this reason, he can not success his business and sustain will be impossible. To overcome this problem he should produce and import minimize product. Price Demand Production 3. 2 Negotiation for reduce tax rate 18 When any business organization firstly starts a business, then government do not charge any tax on that business for first five years. After five years government charge high corporate tax. To overcome high corporate tax rate Mr. Khan should maximize the profit because from profit government do not charge any tax. He can maximize the profit to develop his product quality. Conclusion Mr. Khan should continue the project for sustain his business and earn profit. We think he will overcome all of his problems if he follows our suggested way. 18 Appendix The own part done by each group members are given in the next page with name and id. 18

Tiananmen Square June 1989 Essay Example

Tiananmen Square June 1989 Essay Example Tiananmen Square June 1989 Paper Tiananmen Square June 1989 Paper On the 22nd of April 1989, Chinese students collected together at Tiananmen Square to pay respects to Hu Yaobang, the students saw this as an opportunity to protest for democratic reform. Little did these students know this protest would end with tragic results. Deng blamed Hu Yaobang, a member of the Deng Xiaoping communist party, when students protested for political reform. Due to this he lost his position in the government but still remained in the politburo. His death on 15th April sparked the Tiananmen movement. Sources A, F and G are from books. Source A, the background to the Tiananmen Square incident from China in the 20th Century written in 1990 by Harriet Ward, a British Historian, who, unlike some Chinese sources controlled by government, has freedom of speech. The book gives a general overview of one hundred years in China, which suggests that the information gathered, could be considered vague and facts possibly have been overlooked, which of course would reduce the sources reliability. However, the source was written one year after the incident, which suggests that the information is probably fairly reliable. We can also assume, as the source was written relatively soon after the events, that some of her knowledge was gained from newspapers and television reports at the time, and therefore can be considered fairly trustworthy. As the historian was not present at Tiananmen Square we also know that this is not first hand reporting. However, I conclude that this book must be a fairly reliable source as it specialises in China in the 20th Century, which suggests that the writer completed detailed research into the subject. This source is quite useful in explaining the causes and events of Tiananmen Square. Source F, the events of the 4th June 1989 from the book China, A New Revolution? Written in 1990 by John Bradley, an American historian. This source gives a brief explanation of the events on June 4th. Like source A this information was written only one year after the incidents at Tiananmen Square which suggest the information is dependable for the same reasons as given for Source A. It is also written by a non-Chinese source with freedom of speech, which, as stated above, also increases the reliability of the source. This historian was also not present at the time the incident took place at Tiananmen Square so we can assume some information may be incorrect. This book deals with the revolution of China, and Tiananmen Square was a huge milestone in this regard, however these events no doubt will have slowed down the progress of the Chinese democracy movement. This source is quite useful in explaining the causes and events of Tiananmen Square. Source G, an extract from the book The Truth about the Beijing Turmoil was written in 1989 published in the Peoples Republic of China. This source reports that no one at Tiananmen Square was killed and gives the background to why the soldiers were sent. This source was written the year the incident happened which suggests that the information could be considered reliable, however, the source was written and published in the Peoples Republic of China, which suggests an element of government control and therefore reduces the reliability of the source. This source can be seen as biased as it only gives the governments point of view. In conclusion this source is not very useful. Source B is a table, Source B: Rising living standards in China, 1981-84 from official records at that time. This source shows us the increase of goods per hundred households in urban and rural areas. This source is reliable as the information is from records of that time, but is not particularly useful in explaining the causes and events of Tiananmen Square as it was written years five years before, although it does indicate an increase in the living standards of the Chinese, particularly those in rural households, which could be seen as evidence of a growing democracy. Sources E and D are both sources from newspapers. Source E: The events of 4th June 1989 from a report in the Sunday times in 1989, a British newspaper. The reporter has freedom of speech and cannot be controlled by the government unlike some Chinese sources. This is a primary source and therefore reliable due to the fact that it is an eyewitness report by the reporter, Louise Branson, who was in Beijing at the time. The information is stark and certainly anti-Chinese government, and only gives one side of the story, which could be considered as reducing the reports reliability. This is a very useful source in showing the events that took place at Tiananmen Square. Source D: The students believe they have won from Tiananmen, The rape of Peking 1989, a book published by the British newspaper, The Independent. This source is very useful in explaining the causes and events of Tiananmen Square. It is reliable due to the fact that it was written the same year as the incident; this suggests that the information is correct and up to date. The Independent, has a reputation for well researched, fair, and unbiased reporting. Sources C and H are both photographs. Source H shows one man who stopped the tanks. It was a photograph taken in Tiananmen Square on the 5th June 1989. This photograph shows a brave protestor supporting the Chinese protestors by standing in the way of tanks. This source is a primary source as it is an un-edited picture of what happened on that day and cannot be misinterpreted as the photograph shows exactly what is happening. Although this source is reliable it is not clear what happened before and after this picture was taken. This source is useful in showing part of what happened at Tiananmen Square. The video footage from which the still is taken would be a more valuable source. Source C: Student leaders on the way to deliver the petition, is a photographic source showing students on bikes on the way to deliver a petition. This source is not reliable as it there is no reference given of where it is from or who took it. This photograph could be misinterpreted, as it is not clear what it represents as it does not show anything apart from people riding on bikes, also the image is not very clear and is of bad quality. This source cannot be considered reliable and does not show the causes and events of Tiananmen Square. Source I: a cartoon supporting the Chinese protestors. This cartoon is by Garland in the Independent, drawn on the 16 June 1989 only a couple weeks after the incident, which increases the sources reliability. It is a copy of a famous picture (Source H) but where the position is reversed, the leader is trying to stop the truth from being expressed. This source is reliable as it is a cartoon and can be used to explain the causes and events of Tiananmen Square, as it shows an outsiders interpretation of the tragic events. The above sources are wide ranging and all provide information in varying ways. Some sources are more useful than others. There are two overriding points of view in the sources given which contradict each other, this is because they have different original sources and their agendas are different. All the sources are interesting but only some can be considered reliable.

Census Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Census - Research Paper Example This method of collecting census data is periodic, although as previously mentioned statistics are gathered on a continuous basis also. There are also more regular data inputs from various samples, with 1% of the population being questioned in 1995 and 2005, and 0.1% of the population being questioned on a yearly basis (BBC, 2011). Some of the major problems with the Chinese census stem from the simple fact that it is difficult to gather information on 6 billion people living within one autocratic nation. Although the error margin for the 2010 Chinese census was estimated to be only 2%, this represents over 26.7 million people. Another issue with the Chinese census has been that Chinese people have gradually been becoming aware of the rights that they have when it comes to privacy, and it has been noted that around a third of Chinese residents would be uncomfortable with letting the enumerators into their homes (Branigan, 2011). Opposition has, however, been minimal. Germany Germany uses the registration method for births, deaths and marriages but has not held an official enumeration census since 1987. Between 1875 and 1910, the census was held every 5 years, but since then full population censuses have been sporadic, mainly because Germany was split into East and West for a large part of the 20th century.

Alcohol Related Violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Alcohol Related Violence - Essay Example Most of the violence take place when the venues close or when the known figureheads move out of the bar. According to the research, lighting and security staff, taxi ranks and availability of public means of transport are a precursor to liquor related violence. The study recommends frequent revision of licensing terms for setting up liquor venues to reduce the possibility of injury and potential harm. The environment within which the bar needs special consideration since they contribute largely to liquor related violence. Proven evidence shows that change in alcohol price directly affects alcohol consumption. Increased taxation can effectively reduce liquor related violence through reduction of access to alcohol. High taxation of alcohol encourages consumers to turn to drinks with low alcoholic levels of or avoid alcohol. The reduction in alcohol uptake translates to a decrease in alcohol-related violence. The tax earned from increased alcohol taxation can in turn be used to educate the public on the dangers of alcohol as well as treat alcohol-related problems. An increase in alcohol tax will reduce alcohol related violence. Evidence shows that the best way to reduce alcohol related violence involves the local community in addressing the liquor related violence. The community in conjunction with the government and the businessmen can work together towards changing the drinking habits of the people. The empowered community can set code of conducts at the beer dens and agree on violence minimization practices. The community can also come up with measures such as frequent identification at liquor places to know the clients and also spearhead responsible drinking. Research suggests that the government should fund and provide them with the necessary support. Evidence shows that short-term interventions from the community are effective in reducing alcohol-related violence and should be supported. Local

The Elusive American Dream Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Elusive American Dream - Essay Example Although analysts deemed this play as irrelevant in the attainment of racial equality since it was released before the Civil Rights Movement, ‘A Raisin in the Sun’ is a magnificent criticism of America’s social relations. Hansberry gives the audience a realistic portrayal of the Younger’s poverty. The Younger’s apartment is dirty due to relentless cleaning efforts over the years. The Younger’s have to spray the apartment weekly in order to keep roaches away. The incessant dusting and vacuuming have worn out the furniture and carpet. Hansberry writes that †¦weariness has, in fact, won in this room.† Mama and Ruth are frustrated with the smallness of the apartment and the overcrowding. They want to use the insurance policy money to purchase a new home, which has been the family’s dream for many years (Hansberry, 36). Due to overcrowding, two families have to share a small bathroom. Hansberry ensures that the audience does not forget these family problems by showing Travis, Walter and Beneatha eagerly waiting for the bathroom to be free while holding conversations. The pressures and frustrations of life take the toll on Ruth. Her face is full of disappointments and frustrations. She states â€Å"†¦time freedom used to be life-now its money.† Ruth must keep the family together as well as work as a domestic servant to foot the bills and provide family necessities. She performs household chores such as preparing breakfast for her son and husband. Her frustrations alienate her from the world events and pipe dreams. She rejects Walter’s liquor store investment plan out-of-hand (Hansberry 44). Ruth shows her frustrations by exploding and telling her husband ‘Eat your eggs.’ Ruth responds by telling Walter her frustration about his lack of new ideas. She says â€Å"†¦ you say nothing new.† Ruth epitomizes the American work situation and ethics. She seems subdued by the redundancy and lack of progression of life.  

The expository essay

The expository essay This essay is about oil and gas prices. The essay has lots of facts on gas and oil by showing people how the prices are increasing instead of decreasing. Also it shows how it is putting an effect on people. In this essay it shows readers how they prep the land for drilling process, special tools the oil companies need for drilling the whole and shows how the inspector has to test the ground to make sure it is safe before drilling. It also shows how to be safe before dealing with gas and oil, and shows people how dangerous it can be if you dont use safety. The thesis of my essay is how the prices of oil and gas are increasing than decreasing over the last couple of years. Also in my thesis statement our gas and oil prices are affecting our economy day by day. Gas and oil prices are at their highest costs since more than a year ago. Fuel costs are gaining twelve cents a gallon for the average in the United States. Gas costs were at a record of four dollars a gallon in the year 2008. In year 2008 through 2009 the gas prices are continuing to rise and not dropping, gas is at an average of two dollars and 94 cents a gallon in the United States. With the crude oil, petroleum oil is more than half a gallon of gasoline. Also when they raise the prices of gasoline they are from competitors of other marketplaces. The crude prices when they rise, all the gas stations prices rise because they have no choice it is all for the government. When all market places raise the prices of gasoline is because of the crude prices, and when the crude prices lower down the market places back down the prices. This is all competition between one gas station to another. We are high in demand of our gas prices these days; our world consumption of our gas and oil pric es is roughly a percentage of the economy. Most of the high prices you got to think are coming from our high volume of wars; the wars are costing us millions of dollars each day of the week. Which caused a huge inflation in the United States of America on gas and oil, also food prices? Robinson (2009) noted that we are returning to a record of fuel and oil prices of 2008. Predicted that the average, of gasoline prices; would stay under three dollars, a gallon nationwide in 2010. The refining of gasoline costs are gaining up to thirty five percent, gasoline contributed a twenty three percent gain of the crude oil prices. Refiners want to phase out toxic waste to add in ethanol; also the refineries want to add ultralow sulfur for gasoline and diesel. The refining of operations is having a difficult time to make fuel cleaner. OSHA inspected almost five hundred refineries; the inspections of refineries have proven to be effected. The oil and gas faces a huge challenge for environmental protection on price control. Technologies are increasing gas and oil on environmental impact. The smaller investors are putting money into stocks for major oil companies. Gasoline and home heating oil are made from plastics, toothpaste, shampoo, antihistamines and house paint they all contain a similar form of petroleum. Also the gas and oil industries is increasing on a daily basis, and not showing a decrease in price. Also when the oil gets refined through distillation it involves heating it until it turns into vapor, then they collect the oil and they let the vapor cool. When the temperature rises on oil eventually only carbon and tar are left behind. According to Marland, (2000) heating oil using three million of appropriated funds, taking the inventory to 1,984,253 barrels. Also the gas and oil are not just affecting us, but it is also putting an impact on fish and marine organizations. By our toxic waste, are polluting our water boundaries. That is affecting all of our species, by going through their gills into their blood that is going into others by killing the species. The reason most of our natural gas is polluting our water is because of our offshore and on land terminals for the crew ships and submarines are at least burning thirty percent of their toxic gases into our water which is hurting our species. It is also putting an effect on us in our economy by putting a three percent gain of our money into our penny stock for the oil and gas industries. The supplies they need before drilling is a process of getting, because the big machines and some of their other equipment they need to dig an oil well, are shipped to the location where they are digging the oil well. The task of finding oil is assigned before getting the equipment and prepping the land. They use magnetometers to measure the flowing of oil, most commonly they use seismology to put shock waves through rock layers, and are reflected back to the surface of the ground. The crew needs special equipment for the job to drill out the oil wells. Like hammer bits, tricone bits, adapter subs, air perforators, well casing, drill steel, casing alignment clamps and torch guides, diverter boxes, shock absorbers, retract hammers, thread lubes, oilers, rock drill oilers, polymers and a lot more equipment to complete the job. Prepping the land is a major job for the crews, because all the process they have to go through before they can drill. The first step before drilling the oil wells, an inspector has to test the ground to make sure it is safe before the process of drilling. Then to prep the land for oil drilling they reserve a pit which they use for the dispose of rock cuttings. During the drilling process they line the whole with plastic to protect the economy. When the oil is prepared they dig a main hole which is in a shape of a rectangle which is called a cellar. Then the crew begins lining the main hole with a large diameter conductor pipe. Also before you can drill a well you need an exploration license. The cost to drill a well is 2.5 million dollars each. The reserves for the oil to make oil wells are all under the ground. Oil exploration represents the value of the gas they bring to the gas station. It can be difficult when bad weather like hurricanes and tropical storms can be hard for oil and gas companies for oil fields for drilling. Marland (2004) stated our staff is trained to help you tackle the easiest to the most difficult projects. the supply of gas and oil been increasing, gasoline supplies are the highest level of price since the early 90s, refineries have been cutting back of low margins. Everyone that relies on gas and oil prices, believe that it is high on demand and they think that gas should decrease instead of increasing. Everyone thinks that gas and oil prices are affecting our economy, because every week of the year oil and gas keep rising, and it is affecting people because all the money we spend in our gas tanks. People think with all the money we spent into gas they want to really know when prices are ever going down. Just think everyone in America dumped at least two hundred and forty billion dollars cash into stock for gas and oil companies. Golf god (2007) stated decline in inventories and demand outstripping supply for the jump into gas prices. When the crews for oil companies are working in the oil tanks and working with gas it can be a highly hazardous work environment for them. Especially working with low pressure tanks that contain potential hazards like, fire and explosion, oxygen deficiency and when they are exposed to toxic substances. When they are working with hazardous gasses and oil it can be a result of vapors, fumes, chemicals, or excessive heat or cold. When a creation, of oxygen deficient; it may cause, serious injury; or death. A result from government officials and policy makers, are providing lessons learned for better of planning storms and flood events, can better prevent hazardous conditions caused by leaking oil and gas. To prevent the land from destroying what we need some most, and keep chemical particles away. Natural gas is released during venting operations, when there are leaks in equipment used during oil and gas development. (Anonymous 2003) My essay on oil and gas prices, gives a lot of information and process of the gas and oil industry. The readers that read my essay should get a lot of good facts, details and news about gas and oil procedures. Hopefully to all the readers out there you got a lot of enjoyment out of this. Author, Chris, Baldwin, Author, William hardy (January 10th, 2010). Ice Brent, gas and oil up on cold weather. Published on gas and oil recruitment, single page 1. Retrieved January 12th, 2010, from author. Author, Pablo, Gorondi, Author, Alex Kennedy. (2005). winter eases grip and oil cools, but higher gas prices on the way. Retrieved January 12th, 2010 from author. Website: http://www.stockhouse.com/news/financialnewsdetailfeeds.aspx?n=9188288src=cp

Computers Toys Not Tools :: Essays Papers

Computers Toys Not Tools Due to the advances in recent computer technologies, computers are now sold with state-of-the-art, costly equipment that most people do not need. Most computers on the market these days are built to attract the eye of the consumer. They come loaded with hi-tech hardware and catchy tag words like mega RAM, quad-speed drives and digital processing, but the fact is, the computer has been exploited to the American public to attract a broader base of consumers and to change the way we view computers from tools to toys. The modern age has brought countless advances and the most sophisticated technologies the world has ever seen. Over the years, we have all marveled at the exciting developments in the fields of science and electronics. In the beginning, computers stored memory on reels of magnetic film, and the average size of a computer was as big enough to fill a whole room. Gradually, computers were built smaller and faster; however, computers were strictly used for business purposes, and only trained technicians were allowed to operate them. In this day and age, operating computers has become a daily exercise for the majority of the population. Computers are everywhere, and the demand for them is greater now than it ever has been. Today it seems that everyone wants their own compact super machine, not because it will process thousands of bytes worth of information in a blink of an eye, but because it comes in tangerine. Due to the strategic planning of many corporations that would like to see their products in your living room the

Econ 100a Midterm

Econ 100A–Midterm 2 solutions. Thursday, March 22, 2012. True/False (2 questions, 10 points total) Answer true or false and explain your answer. Your answer must ? t in the space provided. T/F 1. (5 points) Suppose the government wants to place a tax on one of two goods, and suppose that supply is perfectly elastic for both goods. If the government wants to minimize the deadweight loss from a tax of a given size, it should put the tax on whichever good has worse substitutes. False: If the supply curves are identical, the only factor that determines the amount of deadweight loss is the elasticity of demand.Placing the tax on the good that has the lower elasticity of demand will minimize the deadweight loss of the tax. It is true that, holding all else equal, a good without good substitutes will have more inelastic demand than a good with good substitutes. However, this is not the only factor that determines the elasticity of demand. The goods could also di? er in terms of the i ncome e? ect. If the good with worse substitutes happened to be strongly normal while the good with better substitutes was strongly inferior, then the income e? ects might overwhelm the substitution e? cts, causing the good with better substitutes to be more inelastic. T/F 2. (5 points) In a perfectly competitive market with no taxes, if the price consumers are willing to pay for the marginal unit is the same as the price at which producers are willing to produce the marginal unit, then there will be no way to make anyone in the market better o? without making someone else worse o?. True. The price consumers are willing to pay for the marginal unit is the height of the inverse demand curve, and the price at which producers are willing to produce the marginal unit is the height of the inverse supply curve.Thus, when these prices are equal, it must be the case that supply is equal to demand, which is to say, the market is in equilibrium. If the quantity ? rms produce, and consumers co nsume, is more than the equilibrium quantity, then the ? rms’ cost of production will be greater than the consumers’ willingness to pay, and either consumers will have to pay more than the units are worth to them, making them worse o? , or ? rms will have to receive less than the units cost them, making them worse o? , or both.If the quantity is less than equilibrium, then there will be units not produced or consumed for which the cost of production would have been less than consumers’ willingness to pay, meaning that either ? rms have given up pro? table units, or consumers have given up units that generated consumer surplus, or both. In any case, at least one side of the market will have been made worse o?. Thus, from equilibrium there is no way that either ? rms or consumers can be made better o? without someone being made worse o?. 1 Short Answer (2 questions, 20 points total) Your answer must ? t in the space provided. SA 2. 10 points) Explain what we mean when we say that ? rms in long-run equilibrium are earning zero pro? t even though their owners and investors are making an adequate return on their labor and investments. The statement refers to â€Å"economic pro? t†, which is the di? erence between revenue and opportunity cost. The opportunity cost of the labor of the owner of a ? rm is the wage the owner could have earned if he or she chose not to run the ? rm, but to get a job instead. The opportunity cost of the capital investors invest in a ? rm is the rate of return they could have earned by investing their capital in some other ? m in some other industry. Thus, if the owner of the ? rm receives an amount just equal to the opportunity cost of their labor, and the investors receive an amount just equal to the opportunity cost of their capital, we do not include those amounts in economic pro? t, and the ? rm will be said to be earning zero economic pro? t, even though an accountant would say that both the owner and the investors are making an â€Å"accounting pro? t†. The accounting pro? t earned by the owner and the investors is the amount of money that is just adequate to make them choose to put their labor and capital into the ? m. 2 Problem Solving (2 problems, 50 points total) Problem 1. (26 points total) Consider a perfectly competitive ? rm with a production technology 1 1 represented by the production function, y = 10 K 2 + L 2 . Let p, r, and w be the price of the ? rm’s output, the rental rate of capital, and the wage, respectively. (a) (8 points) First let’s consider long-run pro? t maximization. (i) Set up the ? rm’s long-run pro? t maximization problem and compute the ? rm’s pro? tmaximizing demand for labor and capital, and pro? t-maximizing output, as functions of p, r, and w. ii) Is labor a gross complement or a gross substitute for capital, or neither. Prove your answer mathematically and explain what it means. The long-run pro? t maximization pr oblem is, max p  · 10 K,L v K+ v L The ? rst-order conditions are, 5p 5p for L: vL ? w = 0 for K: vK ? r = 0 Solving these for L and K respectively we get L? (p, r, w) = (f rac5pw)2 and K ? (p, r, w) = (f rac5pr)2 . Plugging these pro? t-maximizing levels of capital and labor into the production function we get the pro? t-maximizing output of the ? rm, y ? (p, w, r) = y(K ? , L? ) = 10 5p r 2 , 5p w 2 = 50p r+w rw .To determine whether labor is a gross complement or gross substitute for capital we take the partial derivative of the labor demand function with respect to the rental ? rate of capital, ? L = 0. Since this is zero, labor is neither a gross complement ? r nor a gross substitute for capital. What this means is that when the price of capital changes, the amount of labor the ? rm uses will not change. (b) (8 points) Set up the ? rm’s cost-minimization problem and compute the ? rm’s conditional demand for labor and capital, as functions of y, r, and w. The ? r m’s cost minimization problem is, v min rK + wL K,L K+ L =y ? s. t. 10 Setting up the LaGrangian function, this minimization problem becomes, min rK + wL ? ? 10 v K+ v L ? y ? v K,L,? The ? rst-order conditions are, 5 for L: w ? ? vL = 0 for K: r ? ? v5 = 0 for ? : 10 K the production constraint. v K+ L = y , which is just ? w 2 L. r Taking the ratio of the ? rst two conditions we get this into the production constraint we get, 10 3 v vK = w ? r L v v w r L+ L K= Plugging = y ? L? (y; r, w) = ? y2 r 10(r+w) 2 . Plugging this back into the expression for K that we derived earlier 2 w we get, K ? (y; r, w) = y 2 10(r+w) labor and capital respectively. These are the ? rm’s conditional demand for (c) (10 points) Now let’s consider scale and substitution e? ects. Assume that initially the price of the ? rm’s output, p, the rental rate of capital, r, and the wage, w, are all equal to 10. (i) How much labor will the ? rm use at these prices, and how much output will it produce? (ii) Using only the mathematical results you got in parts (a) and (b), compute e? ect of an increase in the rental rate to r = 20. Plugging the given prices into the pro? t-maximizing labor demand and output supply 2 functions from part (a) we get, L? (p, w, r) = 5 ·10 = 25, and y ? p, w, r) = 50  · 10 10 (f rac10 + 1010  · 10) = 100. ? ? you might have plugged the new prices into the ? rm’s supply function to get y ? (10, 10, 20) = 50 ·10 10+20 = 75. If you then plugged this into the 10 ·20 ? rm’s conditional factor demand at the new prices you would get L? (75; 10, 20) = 75 20 10 10+20 2 = 25. 4 Problem 2. (24 points total) Consider a perfectly competitive industry with 10 identical ? rms, each of which has variable costs of 10y 2 and ? xed costs of 1000. We will de? ne the short run as the time scale in which ? rms cannot enter or exit the industry, and cannot avoid their ? xed costs. In other words, in the short run ? rms must continue to pay their ? xed costs even if they produce zero output. ) In the long run, ? rms can enter or exit the industry, and can avoid their ? xed costs by shutting down. (a) (8 points) Compute the short-run inverse supply curve of the ? rm, and the short-run inverse supply curve of the industry, and graph them on the same graph. [Hint: it matters a lot that ? rms can’t avoid their ? xed costs in the short run. ] Each ? rm’s cost function is C(y) = 10y 2 + 1000, and the marginal cost curve is M C = 20y. Normally we say that the inverse supply curve of the ? m is the upward sloping part of the marginal cost curve, above the minimum of the average cost curve, because if the price is below the minimum of the average cost curve, the ? rm will make negative pro? t and will shut down. However, in this case, in the short run, if a ? rm shuts down it will still have to pay its ? xed cost of $1000. As a result, it will continue to produce output even if it is losing money, as long as it does not lose more than $1000. So we need to ? nd the price below which the ? rm will have lose more than $1000. Pro? t is py ? 10y 2 ? 1000 and we want the price below which this is less than ? 1000.To do this we have to plug in the ? rm’s pro? t-maximizing quantity as a function of price, which we get by solving the ? rm’s marginal cost curve p p p 2 to get y ? = 20 , which gives us p 20 ? 10 20 ? 1000 = ? 1000 ? p2 19 = 0 ? p = 0. 40 The ? rm will continue to produce at any positive price rather than shut down and 5 pay its ? xed cost without any revenue. Thus, the ? rm’s inverse supply curve is simply the entire marginal cost curve, p(y) = 20y. To compute the short-run inverse supply curve of the industry we ? rst have to aggregate ? rm supply to industry supply, and to do that we have to have the direct supply curve of the ? m, which we get by solving the inverse supply curve for y to p p get y(p) = 20 . Short-run industry supply is Y (p) = N yj (p) = 10 20 = f racp2. j=1 Solving for p we get the short-run inverse supply curve of the industry, p(Y ) = 2Y . Your graph should look like this: (b) (6 points) Suppose the demand for the industry’s product is de? ned by pd (Y ) = 700 ? 5Y . (i) What will be the short-run equilibrium price and quantity for the industry? Illustrate this equilibrium on a graph. (ii) Explain why this market outcome is an equilibrium in the short run. [Be sure to make reference to the general de? ition of equilibrium in your answer. ] (iii) Is this industry in long-run equilibrium? Explain why or why not. [Again, be sure to make reference to the general de? nition of equilibrium in your answer. ] The short-run market equilibrium is where the quantity demanded at the price paid by consumers is equal to the quantity supplied at the price received by producers, and since, in the absence of a tax, the price paid by consumers is the same as the price paid by producers, we just solve for the intersection of t he supply curve and the demand curve: 700 ? 5Y = 2Y ? Y ? = 100.Plugging that into either the demand or the supply curve we get p(Y ) = 200. Your graph should look like this: In general, equilibrium means that no individual agent has an incentive to do anything other than what they are currently doing, which means that the system will 6 not move from the point it is at. In the case of short-run market equilibrium this means that at the market price consumers cannot be made better o? by increasing or decreasing consumption, and ? rms cannot be made better o? by increasing or decreasing production. This is clearly the case at the market equilibrium we have solved for.If consumers increase consumption they will have to pay more for the additional units of the good than the value of those units, and if they consume less they will be giving up units that are worth more to them than they are required to pay for them. In either case, they are made worse o? , and thus have no incentive to c hange. For ? rms, roughly the same argument applies. If they produce more, the maximum they will be able to charge will be less than the cost of production, and if they produce less they will be giving up units that they were able to sell at a pro? t. In either case, ? ms are worse o? , so they have no incentive to change what they were doing. The industry is in long-run equilibrium. To see this we need to know whether ? rms are earning zero pro? t, and to determine that we need to know something about the ? rm’s average cost curve, which is AC = 10y + 1000 . If we minimize this we ? nd y that the ? rms’ minimum average cost is minAC = 200. And since this is equal to the price in the current equilibrium, ? rms’ pro? t is (p ? AC)y = 0y = 0. Long-run equilibrium is de? ned as the point at which ? rms will have no incentive to enter or exit the industry. The reason ? ms enter or exit is in response to pro? ts being either positive or negative, so if pro? ts are ze ro in the industry there will be no incentive to enter or exit, which is to say, no ? rm will have any incentive to do anything di? erent from what they are currently doing. (c) (10 points) Suppose the government imposes a tax of $50 per unit on the ? rms in the industry. (i) Compute the short-run after-tax equlibrium quantity, price paid by consumers, and price received by ? rms, and graph them. (ii) Calculate the change in producer surplus caused by the tax in the short-run. Add it to your graph. iii) Compute the long-run after-tax equilibrium quanitity, price paid by consumers, and price received by ? rms. Add this equilibrium to your graph. How many ? rms will exit the industry? (iv) Calculate the change in producer surplus caused by the tax in the long-run. Why is this the same or di? erent from your answer to ii above? To compute the short-run after tax equilibrium we need to ? nd the point at which the quantity demanded by consumers, at the price they pay, is equal to the qua ntity supplied by ? rms at the price they receive. This is the quantity that solves the equation, pd = ps + t, which is to say, 700 ? Y = 2Y + 50 ? YtSR = 92. 9. Plugging this quantity back into the inverse supply curve we get ps = 2  · YtSR = 185. 8, which means the price paid by consumers is pd = ps + t = 185. 8 + 50 = 135. 8. The change in producer surplus is the area to the left of the supply curve between the pre-tax price and the after-tax price received by ? rms. It includes the ? rms’ share of the tax revenue as well as the part of deadweight loss that comes from ? rms. In the case of linear supply it is the area of a parallelagram with height equal to the di? erence between the pre-tax price and the after-tax price received by ? rms, and bases of Y ? nd YtSR , which is ? P SS R = (200 ? 185. 7) 100? 92. 9 = 1379. 2. 2 7 By now your graph should look like this: In an industry with identical ? rms the long-run supply curve is horizontal, which is to say, in long-run equilibrium ? rms will be earning zero pro? t because entry and exit will always drive the price down (or in this case up) to the point where the price is equal to the minimum average cost. Thus, the after-tax price received by ? rms will be ps = 200. Otherwise ? rms would be losing money and would have an incentive to leave the industry, and the industry would not be in long-run equilibrium.Thus, we know that the tax will be passed on entirely to consumers, which means that the price paid by consumers will be pd = ps + t = 200 + 50 = 250. Setting the inverse demand curve equal to that price, we can compute the long-run after-tax equilibrium quantity, 250 = 700 ? 5Y ? YtLR = 90. To determine the number of ? rms in the industry we have to know how much output each ? rm will produce when they are operating at their minimum average cost. We computed the direct supply curve of p the ? rm in part (a), y(p) = 20 , which means that at the minimum of their average cost, minAC = 200, each ? rm will produce 200 = 10 units of output.Since the 20 industry as a whole is producing 90 units, there must be 9 ? rms in the industry. One has exited the industry. Your graph should look like this: In an industry with identical ? rms, by de? nition, the long-run producer surplus is zero. There are two ways to see this. The ? rst is that the long-run supply curve is horizontal, which means that in long-run equilibrium the price is the same as the height of the supply curve, and since producer surplus is the area between the price line and the supply curve, there clearly can be no producer surplus. The other way to see it is to refer to the de? ition of long-run equilibrium in an industry with identical ? rms, which is that all ? rms are earning zero pro? t. The reason this is di? erent from the answer to ii, above, is that in the long-run ? rms can escape the burden of the tax by leaving the industry and going into some other industry that is not taxed. We know that the burden of a tax always falls most heavily on the side of the market that is less able to change it’s behavior to escape the tax, which is to say, the side of the market that is most inelastic. In the long-run, the supply side of the industry is perfectly elastic, and thus bears none of the burden of the tax. 8

salt fluid mixture using SAFT and Molecular Dynamics. The WritePass Journal

Developing a thermodynamic equation of state for CO2/water/salt fluid mixture using SAFT and Molecular Dynamics. Previous Research Track Record Developing a thermodynamic equation of state for CO2/water/salt fluid mixture using SAFT and Molecular Dynamics. Previous Research Track RecordSome selected publications2.1 Background:   Introduction2.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Background:   Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (SAFT).  2.3 Research Hypothesis and Objectives2.4   Programme and MethodologyMilestones of proposed research: these are2.5   Relevance to Academic BeneficiariesReferencesRelated Previous Research Track Record Christopher Jumbo, the principal investigator in this research project, is an MSc postgraduate student of Environment and Sustainable Technology in the School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Sciences (CEAS) at the University of Manchester. He completed his undergraduate degree programme in 2009 and holds a BSc degree (with first class distinction honours) in geology from the University of Maiduguri, Nigeria. He has worked quite appreciably in the area of sedimentary petrology. In 2008, his BSc research project dissertation saw him work on the petrographic analysis of sedimentary rocks (sandstone, shale, limestone and siltstone) mapped around the south-western extension of the Chad basin in Northeast Nigeria. This work also evaluated reservoir properties (porosity and permeability) of the basin and was supervised by Dr. Elnaffaty. A passion for environmental sustainability in the energy sector geared his research interest to modelling CO2 storage potentials in geologic reservoi rs. Receiving an award for his outstanding undergraduate performance (an MSc overseas scholarship sponsor by the Petroleum Technology development fund (PTDF) in 2010) saw him come to the University of Manchester where he now focuses in this research area. The principal co-investigator, Professor Andrew Masters, is a professor of chemical physics in CEAS at the University of Manchester. He completed his PhD in 1980 at the University of Cambridge and was post-doctoral associate between 1980 and 1984 in both Yale University and the University of Paris Sud, France respectively. Professor Masters has worked in the area of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics for 26 years and has over 90 publications accredited to him in this area. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (FRSC) and a member of the molecular modelling, simulation and design research group. His research interest can broadly be categorised as the theory and modelling of soft-matters, i.e. liquids, liquid crystals, colloidal suspension, polymers and gels. The underlying thread of all his research is the ability to predict the properties of a material from knowledge about its molecular make-up. He currently is a co-investigator for a NERC grant on CO2 storage, with collaborations from Leeds, Cambridge and British Geological Society. He has supervised ten PhD students to completion and currently supervises two Post-Doctorate and five PhD students. Some selected publications [1] S. J. Halstead and A. J. Masters. Mol. Phys, 2010. 108(2): 193-203. [2] M. Dennison, A. J. Masters, D. L. Cheung, and M. P. Allen. Mol. Phys, 2009. 107: 375-382. [3] A. J. Masters. J. Phys.:Condens. Matter, 2008. 20: 1-10. [4] R. J. Dimelow and A. J. Masters. Mol. Simulation, 2007. 33: 1165-1166. [5] D. L. Cheung, L. Anton, M. P. Allen, and A. J. Masters. Computer Physics Communication, 2008. 179: 61-65. [6] A. J. Masters, X-M You, and A. Vlasov. Mol. Phys, 2005. 123: 1-7. [7] C. P. Lowe and A. J. Masters. J. Chem. Phys, 1998. 108: 183-198.       2.1 Background:   Introduction Global anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG), mainly CO2, from fossil fuel combustion to the atmosphere have being identified as affecting the stability of the earth’s climate. A general consensus by the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that the emissions and relative causes must be mitigated [IPCC, 2001]. Also, meeting the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change (UNFCC) stabilization target, large reductions in GHG emissions is required, particularly CO2 emissions. Underground geologic storage of CO2 (from stationery emission sources) is viewed as a viable economic strategy of achieving this reduction as well as increasing the flexibility in developing alternative energy sources [Czernichowski-Lauriol et al., 2002]. CO2 injection in geologic reservoirs is employed by the petroleum industry to improve recovery rates of oil and gas in declining oil and gas fields, a process known as enhanced oil recovery (EOR) [NETL, 2010b]. The lar ge volume of saline aquifers (20% to 500% of projected CO2 emissions to 2050, Davidson et al., 2001), common occurrence and non-potential source for potable water makes storage in saline aquifers an option considered for geologic sequestration of CO2. Storage in saline aquifers can be achieved by either physical trapping (buoyant supercritical CO2), solubility trapping (Dissolution in brine), ionic (dissolved bicarbonate ion) and mineral (solid carbonate precipitate) trapping mechanisms [Czernichowski-Lauriol et al., 2002]. However, dissolution of CO2 in saline waters (solubility trapping) is considered the most important long-term retention state [Bickle, M. et al., 2007]. A key aspect of CO2 sequestration is the need to accurately predict CO2 solubility in aqueous solution at high pressures (associated with deep depth injection), over a geologic period of time. Hence a reliable equation of state is an essential ingredient for transport modelling which predicts the ultimate fate of stored CO2. Our idea is to develop a robust equation of state using the statistical associating fluid theory (SAFT) approach plus molecular dynamic simulations (using DL_POLY program) to accurately describe the thermodynamic properties and vapour-liquid equilibrium of CO2, water and salt mixtures, as this will aid in describing the solubility of CO2 in saline aquifers. 2.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Background:   Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (SAFT). Carbon dioxide is usually injected into saline aquifers as a supercritical fluid. Interactions between CO2, water and salt (NaCl) are a combination of associating and non-associating chain fluid mixtures. While water is a highly associating fluid [Gill-Villegas. A., et al. 1997], CO2 is considered a non-associating chain molecule and strong electrolyte solution of aqueous sodium chloride (NaCl) have being considered non-associating [Robinson, R. A., 1965]. However this only applies to ambient conditions. It has being shown that ion-ion association (ion pairing) occur in aqueous electrolyte solution as temperatures approach the critical point for water (due to the decrease in dielectric constant of water) [Pitzer, K. S. J., 1993]. Readily employed engineering equation of state, such as Peng-Robinson, Soave-Redlich-Kwong and Benedict-Webb-Rubin, are improvements on the hard sphere contribution and/or mean field term of the van der Waals equation. Their empirical approach can accurately describe the thermodynamic behaviours of simple, nearly-spherical low molecular mass hydrocarbon and simple inorganic (e.g. N2, CO, O2 etc). However the reference rapidly becomes inappropriate in predicting fluids mixtures of highly associating and non-spherical chain molecules [Economou. G.I., 2002]. This is because, for such fluids new intermolecular forces such as columbic forces, complexing forces and forces due to association comes into play which are not explicitly taking into consideration by such approach [Economou. G.I., 2002]. A more appropriate reference should incorporate the contribution of molecular shape and association as they certainly affect the fluid structure. It is in this light that Chapman et al. (in 1990) proposed an equation of state for associating chain molecules based on a series of Wertheim first-order thermodynamic perturbation expansion of Helmholtz energy [Wertheim, M. S., 1984a; 1984b; 1986a; 1986b; 1986c] called statistical associating fluid theory (SAFT). SAFT   relates the thermodynamic properties of a fluid to its intermolecular forces. In the SAFT approach, the molecular contribution to the macroscopic behaviour of the fluid is via a sum of terms which include the separate effect of the molecular shape (chain length), dispersion interaction and molecular association [Galindo, A. et al., 1998]. This consideration makes SAFT suitable for a broad range of molecules, from non-associating, near-spherical and non-spherical molecules, to associating, near-spherical and non-spherical molecules [Chapman, G. W. et al., 1990]. SAFT essentially considers complex molecules to be built-up of tangentially touching spherical monomers. The general equation for SAFT Helmholtz free energy for associating chain molecules is given by   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (1) Where   is the ideal free energy,     is the excess Helmholtz energy of the free monomers,   is the Helmholtz free energy change on connecting the monomers into chains and   is the contribution to the free energy due to intermolecular association.   are the number of molecules, Boltzmann constant and temperature (K) respectively [Gill-Villegas, A. et al., 1997]. Several modification of the original Lennard-Jones (LJ) segment (used by Chapman et al.) has being made to improve the description of the monomer-monomer contribution [Banaszak, M. et al., 1993; Ghonasgi, D. Chapman, G. J., 1994; Tavares, F. W. et al., 1995]. In the modified version of SAFT (SAFT-VR) developed by Gill-Villegas and co-workers, an arbitrary potential of variable range is used to used to describe the chain molecules of hard-core segment. An additional derived parameter, the range (, allows for treatment of highly non-conformal fluid mixtures [Gill-Villegas, A. et al., 1997]. In the SAFT-VR approach, the monomer-monomer dispersion interactions are represented by second-order high-temperature perturbation expansion using a compact expression for the first order perturbation term,   (mean attractive energy). The derived second-perturbation term,  describes fluctuation of the attractive energy due to the fluid compression effect of [Gill-Villegas, A. et al., 1997]. This effect correlates to macroscopic thermodynamic compression described by local density variation of the fluid. The expression is derived from Barker and Henderson perturbation theory, and given as   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (2) Where   and   are the first and second perturbation term associated with the attractive energy of the variable range.  is the Helmholtz free energy for a mixture of hard spheres.   Ã‚  is the inverse of temperature (T in Kelvin),   and   is Boltzmann constant. When applied to mixtures SAFT-VR is simply straightforward. The mean value theorem (MVT) for pure component is still applicable in evaluating for monomer mixtures. Also the contact value and radial distribution function for pure components in mixtures can be combined obtaining similar expressions to that of pure component [Gill-Villegas, A. et al., 1997]. The equation was tested for a square well potential (SW), a Yukawa (Y) potential and a Sutherland (S) potential. Excellent representation of the vapour-liquid equilibrium (VLE) for binary mixtures of water with non-electrolytes was observed below the critical region when vapour-liquid coexistence densities were correlated with simulated results. SAFT-VR was however inadequate in describing the thermodynamic behaviour at the critical region. Galindo, A. et al., 1998, applied several mixing rule to account for the binary mixtures of non-conformal fluids using SAFT-VR, but the approach failed to adequately describe phase behaviours at the critical region. Our aim is to extend the order of thermodynamic perturbation of the monomer-monomer attractive energy term to describe the phase behaviour at the critical region. Having obtained a good description of the thermodynamic properties of water, Galindo, A. et al., 1999, extended the SAFT approach to mixtures of strong electrolyte solution (SAFT-VRE) using SW potential. Here, water molecules are modelled as hard sphere with four associating short range sites describing the hydrogen-bonding association and electrolyte molecules are modelled as two hard spheres (cation and anion) of different sizes. The mean-spherical-approximation (MSA) for the restricted primitive model was used to account for the long-range columbic ion-ion interaction. The long range water-water and ion-water attractive interaction were modelled as second-order high temperature perturbation expansion as with the SAFT-VR approach [Galindo, A. et al., 1999]. The general expression for the SAFT-VRE approach takes into consideration contributions from the ion-ion interactions and is given as   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (3) Here   is the contribution to the Helmholtz free energy from ion-ion interactions. All other terms are the same as those in equation (1). The SAFT-VRE approach can be easily extended to solutions of mixed salts as the potential parameters used are determined in terms of ions. For all studied salts (including NaCl) in a temperature range of 273-373K, the SAFT-VRE calculated vapour pressure reproduced the experimental data well. However, saturated liquid densities are slightly overestimated [Galindo, A. et al., 1999]. Our aim is to improve the VLE prediction over an increased temperature range by the addition of new terms to account for the ion-ion dispersion interaction effect. We run the DL_POLY molecular dynamics simulation package on one and two component systems using the literature potential parameters for pure CO2 molecules and aqueous NaCL salt solution mixtures respectively and validate against experiment. Once validated, simulation results can be used in addition to experimental data to validate the SAFT-VR expressions. We will also further run SAFT programme for CO2 as non-associating chain molecule using equation (1) and SAFT-VRE for mixtures of associating water molecule and two (cation and anion) associating ions using equations (3).   2.3 Research Hypothesis and Objectives We propose developing a robust thermodynamic equation of state for CO2/water/salt mixtures by using the SAFT approach and Molecular dynamics (DL_POLY) simulations. This entails improving the parameterisation of the model and including new terms to improve the thermodynamic descriptions at the critical point of the mixtures. The project takes advantage of the recent advances in modelling highly non-conformal associating chain mixtures [Gill-Villegas, A. et al., 1997], strong electrolytic mixtures [Galindo, A. et al., 1999] and simulation representation of complex fluid mixtures [Koneshan, S. et al., 2000; Lopez-Rendon, R. et al., 2008], making it feasible. Never before has the quaternary system of CO2/water/salt mixtures being modelled using a SAFT approach and the increasing need to mitigate GHG emissions (especially CO2) makes the project quite timely. The hypothesis and objectives of the various work packages (WP) are: WP1: the accurate prediction of the thermodynamics and structural properties of CO2 and aqueous solution mixtures will depend on the interaction potential model. Our objectives are to validate molecular dynamic simulation results (DL_POLY) for the various component mixtures utilising literature potentials validated against experiment. Where good matches are obtained, this will serve as a reference to improve the quality of SAFT parameters (where experimental data are lacking). WP2: the mean spherical approximation (MSA) used for the restricted primitive model (RPM) in the SAFT-VRE approach accounts exclusively for the ion-ion coulombic interaction for which electrolyte ions are assumed to be immersed in a uniform dielectric medium. Dispersive interactions between the ions, however, are lacking. Our objective is to include a new term to account for the ion-ion dispersion effect in the salt solution. WP3: in the SAFT-VR approach the monomer properties are obtained from a second-order high temperature perturbation expansion of the SW variable range potential. Our objective is to add a third-order perturbation term in powers of the square well depth () of   to improve the description of the VLE at the critical point. 2.4   Programme and Methodology WP1:  Ã‚   we will first run DL_POLY with one component system for pure water and CO2 molecules using literature interaction potentials [Lopez-Rendon, R. et al., 2008] at a given temperature and pressure range. Water will be represented as an extended simple point charge (SPC/E), as this model takes into account the polarization of water in an approximate way. Simulated results will be validated against experimental result to verify the usability of the chosen force field. Validated results for the pure components of CO2 and water will be used to run DL_POLY with binary mixture system for water-CO2, water-NaCL and water-water mixtures, utilising literature interaction potential for NaCl [Koneshan, S. et al., 2000]. Simulated results will again be tested against experimental results. If convergences occur between the vapour pressure and liquid densities the simulated result will serve as a reference to correlate the SAFT model. A molecular simulation tracks the motion of individual molecules in time and can be used to interpret experimental results or serve as substitute where no experimental data are available. Finally, we will run SAFT with one component and with binary mixture system for pure molecules of water and CO2 respectively, using literature parameters for the SAFT-VR approach (i.e. square well range, , depth, and segment diameter, , association energy,   and association volume,   ) [Galindo, A. et al., 1999; Alain, V. et al., 2004]. Where   and   , is the association energy and volume due to short range attraction between hydrogen site and oxygen electron on two different molecules. Water is modelled as a hard-sphere with four short-range non-central associating sites representing hydrogen bonding () while CO2 is modelled as tangential touching spherical dimer chain molecule (without associating sites,). These parameters are validated against experimental and/or simulation result and optimised if not well-fitted using the simplex method. This is important in describing the thermodynamic properties of real substances. WP2:  Ã‚   we will use the optimized intermolecular potentials for pure water component and run SAFT with ternary mixture system for mixtures of water in strong electrolytic solution of NaCl, utilised the extended version of SAFT-VR for strong electrolyte solution (SAFT-VRE) [Galindo, A. et al., 1999]. Water is modelled in the same spirit as SAFT-VR and contributions to Helmholtz free energy are given by equation (3). Solvent-solvent, solvent-ion and ion-ion interaction contribution will be considered  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   [Galindo, A. et al., 1999]. MSA assume RPM will account for the long-range coulombic interaction. However the assumption of a zero long range attractive square well ion-ion interaction will be relaxed. This has being assumed in previously modelled water-NaCl mixtures [Galindo, A. et al., 1999; Gill-Villegas, A. et al., 2000] for which equally-sized ionic molecules are solvated in a uniform dielectric solvent medium at ambient conditions. This approach has however f ailed to describe accurately thermodynamic properties at the critical point. We will be taking into account the molality of saline aquifers to relax this assumption and add a new term accounting for the ion-ion dispersion effect of the coulombic contribution to Helmholtz free energy. This is so because the effect of strong electrolytic ions on properties of highly associating polar solvent such as water can alter the critical constant of water within the critical point, leading to ion-ion association [Koneshan, S. et al., 2000]. NaCl intermolecular parameters will be taking from literature [Galindo, A. et al., 1999]. Finally, determined intermolecular parameters of the ternary mixture will fitted against experimental and/or simulated result and optimised using the simplex method. WP3:      lastly, in the SAFT-VR approach (basis for formalism in the SAFT-VRE), contribution to the Helmholtz free energy due to long-range dispersion forces is obtained via a second order high-temperature perturbation expansion of the variable range [Gill-Villegas, A. et al., 1997]. This level of approximation has excellently described thermodynamic behaviours below the critical point but fails as temperatures approach the critical point. It has being suggested that incorporating a new term due to third order perturbation in the powers of the attractive square-well depth () in the monomer-monomer segment contribution will significantly improve thermodynamic description at the critical point (recent personal communication of Masters with Galindo). This we would evaluate for mixtures of optimised ternary intermolecular SW potential parameters for water mixture in aqueous NaCl solution and previously optimised CO2 dimer molecular intermolecular parameters. It should be noted that never before has CO2/water/salt mixtures being modelled using SAFT approach and so no theoretical results are available. However the SAFT-VRE approach allows for such complex mixtures in its formalism using relatively straight forward combinations with mixing rules [Galindo, A. et al., 1999]. We will run CO2/water/salt mixtures in SAFT with quaternary system. New interaction to be considered will be CO2-water in coexisting phases. Salt will be restricted to the liquid phase (as it is assumed to be non-volatile even at high temperatures) [Parisod, C. J., 1981]. Finally, modelled results will be compared with experimental results. Knowing the Helmholtz free energy all other macroscopic thermodynamic parameters at VLE can be evaluated, hence the solubility of CO2 in saline aquifer determined. Being able to accurately predict the solubility of CO2 in saline aquifers is essential for long-term sequestration of injected CO2. Milestones of proposed research: these are M1.1:   New simulation results using DL_POLY one component and binary mixture systems for CO2/water/salt mixtures. M1.2:   Improved parameterisation of literature intermolecular potential for water and CO2 pure components using SAFT one component and binary mixture system respectively, validated against simulation results. M2.1:   Reformulation of the ion-ion coulombic interaction contribution to Helmholtz free energy to incorporate a dispersion effect between ions. M2.2:   Improved description of thermodynamic properties of water at critical point. M3.1:   Modification of SAFT-VR formalism in the monomer-monomer segment contribution to overall Helmholtz free energy and enhance predictive capability of approach within the critical point of mixtures. M3.2:   New intermolecular parameters for CO2/water/salt mixtures using SAFT with quaternary system approach validated against experimental results. 2.5   Relevance to Academic Beneficiaries One key benefit obtainable from this project is the development of an improved equation of state using statistical mechanics for CO2/water/salt mixtures. Once this improvement is attained faster and more accurate description of the mixture will be developed enhancing the prediction of CO2 solubility in saline water using theoretical models. A positive outcome will certainly interest the research community, and this will correlate directly to industries (such as the petroleum industries) performing, or intending to explore the option of, CO2 sequestration in saline aquifers. Better prediction of the thermodynamic properties of electrolytic solution at the critical region using a statistical mechanics approach, is one of great interest to applied physical sciences, molecular physics and the engineering community. References [1]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A. Gill-Villegas, A. Galindo, P. J. Whitehead, S. J. Mills, and G. Jackson. J. Chem. Phys., 1997. 106: 4168-4186. [2]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A. Galindo, A. Gill-Villegas, G. Jackson and A. N. Burgess. J. Phys. Chem., 1999. 103: 10272-10281. [3]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A. Galindo, L. A. Davies, A. Gill-Villegas, and G. Jackson. Mol. Phys., 1998. 2: 241-252. [4]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A. Valtz, A. Chapoy, C. Loquelet, P. Paricaud, D. Richon. Fluid Phase Equiliria, 2004. 226: 333-344. [5]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   C. J. Parisod, and E. J. Plattner. J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1981. 26: 16. [6]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   D. Ghonasgi, and W. G. Chapman. J. Chem. Phys., 1994. 100: 6633. [7]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   F. W. Tavares, J. Change, and S. I. Sandler. Mol. Phys., 1995. 86: 1451. [8]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I, Czernichowski-Lauriol, H. Pauwels, P. Vigouroux, L. Nindre. 2002. Proceeding of 6th  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies (GHGT-6). J. Gale and Y. Kaya (Eds) pp. 411-416, Japan. Elsevier Science Ltd. [9]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I. G. Economou. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2002. 41: 953-962. [10]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   IPCC. 2001. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basic, Summary for policymakers and Technical Summary of the working Group I Report. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. [11]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   J. Davidson, P. Freund, and A. Smith. 2001. Putting Carbon back in the Ground. IEA Greenhouse Gas RD Programme. [12]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   K. S. Pitzer. J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1993. 25: 7. [13]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   M. Banaszak, Y. C. Chiew, M. Radosz. Mol. Phys. Rev. E., 1993. 48: 3760. [14]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   M. Bickle, A. Chadwick, H. E. Huppert, M. Hallworth, and S. Lyle. Earth and Planetary Science Letter, 2007. 255: 164-176. [15]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   M. S. Weirtheim. J. Stat. Phys., 1984a. 35: 19-34. [16]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   M. S. Weirtheim. J. Stat. Phys., 1984b. 35: 35-47. [17]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   M. S. Weirtheim. J. Stat. Phys., 1986a. 42: 459-476. [18]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   M. S. Weirtheim. J. Stat. Phys., 1986b. 42: 477-492. [19]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   M. S. Weirtheim. J. Stat. Phys., 1986c. 85: 2929-2936. [20]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   R. A. Robinson, and R. H. Stokes. Electrolyte Solutions. 2nd ed, Butterworths: London, 1965. [21]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   R. Lopez-Rendon, and C. R. Jayendran. J. Chem. Phys., 2008. 52: 88-92. [22]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   S. Koneshan, and C. R. Jayendran. J. Chem. Phys., 2000. 113: 8125-8137. [23]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   W. G. Chapman, K. E. Gubbins, J. George, and M. Radosz. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1990. 29: 1709-1721.

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